//Question ROTATE SCRIPT var questions = new Array(); //Place questions here: questions[0] = "Q: How many Columbians have served on the United States Supreme Court?"; questions[1] = "Q: Which one-time Columbia student recorded one of the best-selling records in history?"; questions[2] = "Q: Which prominent Columbian was a Republican Party candidate for the presidency and the vice presidency?"; questions[3] = "Q: Which Columbian delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention?"; questions[4] = "Q: Which Columbian wrote speeches for President Richard M. Nixon and then became a famous television personality?"; questions[5] = "Q: Which Columbian published a best seller at the age of 93?"; questions[6] = "Q: Which Columbian and Founding Father died in a duel 200 years ago?"; questions[7] = "Q: Which Columbian helped to draft the Declaration of Independence?"; questions[8] = "Q: Which three Columbians were key figures in the Harlem Renaissance?"; questions[9] = "Q: Who was the first chairman of the Columbia Trustees and in what other capacity did he serve New York?"; questions[10] = "Q: Which Columbian influenced international laws governing warfare?"; questions[11] = "Q: What role did Columbians play in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that ended school segregation?"; questions[12] = "Q: Which Columbian holds the record for longevity of service in the United States House of Representatives?"; questions[13] = "Q: Which architect associated with Columbia gave the United States Postal Service its unofficial motto?"; questions[14] = "Q: Which Columbian served as the Republic of China's first prime minister?"; questions[15] = "Q: What 1950s-style band formed at Columbia in the late 1960s?"; questions[16] = "Q: How many Columbians are, literally, on the money?"; questions[17] = "Q: Which Columbian is credited with inventing the flush toilet?"; questions[18] = "Q: Which Columbian served as personal physician to the father of our country?"; questions[19] = "Q: How many Columbians have been president of the United States?"; questions[20] = "Q: Which Beatle was quoted by a Columbia president at commencement?"; questions[21] = "Q: How did Columbia get its name?"; questions[22] = "Q: What New York City landmark was built on land given to Columbia in 1814?"; questions[23] = "Q: Which Columbian cast a legislative vote against U.S. military action in Vietnam?"; questions[24] = "Q: Which famous New York publishing houses were founded by Columbians?"; questions[25] = "Q: How did Columbia's mascot come to introduce Hollywood movies?"; questions[26] = "Q: What is the biggest victory in Lions football history?"; questions[27] = "Q: What Revolutionary War battle was fought on the site of today's Morningside Heights campus?"; questions[28] = "Q: Which remarkable Columbian had Horatio Alger as a tutor?"; questions[29] = "Q: Which Columbian was the first to map the ocean floor using sonar?"; questions[30] = "Q: Which Columbia social scientist devised the concept of the focus group?"; questions[31] = "Q: What nonconformist twentieth-century social and artistic movement was born at Columbia University?"; questions[32] = "Q: Which three Columbians were key figures in the Harlem Renaissance?"; questions[33] = "Q: For which Columbian did Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II write a song?"; questions[34] = "Q: What Columbian invented FM radio?"; questions[35] = "Q: How many Columbia alumni are in the Baseball Hall of Fame?"; questions[36] = "Q: Who served as the inspiration for the face of Alma Mater?"; var numquestions=questions.length; //Answer ROTATE SCRIPT var answers = new Array(); //Place answers names here: answers[0] = "Eight Columbians have served on the nation's highest court, three of them as chief justice: John Jay (King's College 1764), 1789–95; Charles Evans Hughes (Law 1884, Faculty 1884–87), 1930–41; and Harlan Fiske Stone (Law 1898, Faculty 1899–1924), 1941–45. Hughes (1910–16) and Stone (1925–41) previously served as associate justices.

The five other Columbian justices are Samuel Blatchford (Columbia College 1837), 1882–93; Benjamin Cardozo (Columbia College 1889, MA 1890, Law 1889–91, Trustee 1928–32) 1932–38; Stanley Forman Reed (Law student, 1909), 1938–57; William O. Douglas (Law 1925, Faculty 1927–28), 1939–75; and Ruth Bader Ginsburg (Law 1959, Faculty 1972–80), who was appointed to the court in 1993."; answers[1] = "Artie Shaw, who left high school at 15 to pursue a musical career, studied literature at the Columbia University Extension in the mid-1930s. Known as the King of Swing, he and his Artie Shaw Orchestra recorded Begin the Beguine<\/I> (which he refers to as "a nice little tune from one of Cole Porter's very few flop shows") in July 1938.

Shaw stopped performing in 1954. He briefly returned to the bandstand in 1983 to launch the latest version of his orchestra, which still tours without its namesake. Now 94, Shaw lives in Newbury Park, California. "; answers[2] = "Nicholas Murray Butler (Columbia College 1882, PhD 1884), Columbia's president from 1902 to 1945, was an active Republican who sought the party's presidential nomination in 1920. He lost to Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio.

Eight years earlier, in 1912, Butler became the party's vice-presidential candidate when incumbent vice president James S. Sherman died five days after the election. Butler's selection did not matter; the Republican ticket headed by President William H. Taft received eight electoral votes in the three-way race also contested by former president Theodore Roosevelt (Law 1880–82) and won by New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson."; answers[3] = "U.S. Senate candidate Barack Obama (Columbia College 1983), an Illinois state senator, electrified the delegates to the convention—and some television commentators—with his prime-time speech on July 27. The speech, and the reaction to it, confirmed Obama's status as a rising star in the Democratic Party. It also bolstered his candidacy for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Republican Peter Fitzgerald.

After graduation from Columbia, Obama headed a community-development program on Chicago's South Side for four years before entering Harvard Law School. In 1990, he was elected the first African American president of the Harvard Law Review. Obama published a memoir, Dreams From My Father, A Story of Race and Inheritance<\/I>, in 1995."; answers[4] = "Benjamin J. Stein (Columbia College 1966) went to work for the Nixon White House in 1973. He was in the East Room on the morning of Aug. 9, 1974, when the soon-to-be ex-president bid farewell to the White House staff before flying into exile in California.

Before his White House service, Stein graduated from Yale Law School and worked as a lawyer. Today, he is better known as a writer, movie actor, and TV pitchman. He attracted a new generation of fans as the star of Comedy Central's Win Ben Stein's Money<\/I>, which aired from 1997 to 2003."; answers[5] = "Cultural historian Jacques Barzun (Columbia College 1927, PhD 1932, Faculty 1932–75) published his best seller, From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life 1500 to the Present<\/I>, in 2000. The author or editor of more than thirty critical and historical studies, Barzun served the University in various capacities, including professor, dean of graduate studies, and provost. In 2003, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his scholarly contributions."; answers[6] = "Alexander Hamilton (King's College 1774-1776, Trustee 1784-1804) famously died after a duel with his political rival Aaron Burr, then vice president of the United States, at Weehawken, N.J. on July 11, 1804. Burr accused Hamilton, a co-author of The Federalist Papers, the nation's first Treasury Secretary and the architect of the fledgling nation's economic system, of expressing a "despicable opinion" of him months earlier. There had long been animosity between the two; Hamilton, a Federalist, worked to deny Republican Burr the presidency in 1800 and New York's governorship in 1804. Burr shot Hamilton in the right side, mortally wounding him; he died the next day across the river in Greenwich Village. Indicted for murder, Burr was never prosecuted. Though he completed his term as vice president, his political career was over. He died in 1836."; answers[7] = "Scion of a prominent New York family, Robert R. Livingston (King's College 1765) was a member of the committee that wrote the nation's founding document, along with Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and Roger Sherman. A supporter of the Revolution, Livingston became the first chancellor of the state of New York in 1777, and the first secretary of the U.S. Department of Foreign Affairs in 1781. After falling out with his fellow Federalists Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, Livingston was appointed minister to France by President Thomas Jefferson in 1801. In that position, he negotiated the Louisiana Purchase."; answers[8] = "Three Columbians—Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and James Weldon Johnson—made important contributions to the Harlem Renaissance, the flowering of African-American literature and art in uptown New York during the 1920s and 1930s.

Called the Poet Laureate of Harlem, Hughes spent 1921–22 at the Columbia School of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry before leaving to pursue a writing career. He chronicled black life in an extraordinary body of work: poems, novels, short stories, plays, musicals, operas, translations, radio and television scripts, magazine articles, two autobiographies, and seven anthologies that he edited. Hughes loved jazz; much of his writing was done in Harlem jazz clubs and jazz influences run through his work.

Hurston, who graduated from Barnard College in 1928 and studied anthropology with Franz Boas in 1934–35, wrote eight books, numerous short stories, and magazine articles, and collaborated on the play Mule Bone<\/i> with Hughes. Widely read in the 1930s and 1940s, Hurston died in obscurity in 1960, her eight books long out of print. In the 1970s, the writer Alice Walker revived interest in her work; today she is again widely known.

A poet, author, songwriter, teacher, and civil rights crusader, Johnson settled in New York in 1901 and briefly studied literature at Columbia. Among his best known works are the lyrics for the song "Lift Every Voice and Sing" (later known as the "Negro national anthem"); his collection of "seven Negro sermons in verse," God's Trombones<\/em>; and the first history of African Americans in New York City, Black Manhattan<\/em>. Johnson served as field secretary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People while writing and also encouraging young black authors, among them Hughes. In 1930 he left New York for an appointment as professor of creative writing and American literature at Fisk University."; answers[9] = "James Duane, who was instrumental in Columbia College's reopening for instruction after the American Revolution, became the first chairman of the Columbia Trustees in 1787, holding the position until 1795. Duane also served as mayor of New York City from 1784 to 1789."; answers[10] = "During the Civil War, political philosopher Francis Lieber (Faculty 1856-72) prepared Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field<\/i>, consisting of 157 articles, for the Union government. Also known as the Lieber Code, the document was promulgated as General Orders No. 100 by President Lincoln's War Department on April 24, 1863. That promulgation occurred 16 months before the adoption of the first Geneva Convention, formally known as Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field<\/i>. Though only binding on American forces, the Lieber Code represented the first attempt to codify the laws of war and was the basis of further efforts, such as the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907.

Lieber had a personal stake in his work. During the Civil War, two of his sons fought on the Union side. Another son, a Confederate, died in battle in 1862."; answers[11] = "Robert L. Carter (LLM 1941) argued Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kan., et. al.<\/i>, the 1954 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court found that "separate but equal" public educational facilities were unconstitutional. Carter had served as trial counsel for some of the lower-court cases that were consolidated into the case ultimately heard by the court — among them Briggs v. Elliott<\/i>, Davis v. School Board<\/i> and an earlier version of Brown<\/i>. An additional case, Gebhart v. Belton<\/i>, was argued separately before the Supreme Court by Carter's colleague Jack Greenberg (CC 1945, Law 1948), but ultimately consolidated into the Brown ruling as well.

In arguing his cases, Carter drew on the social psychology work of fellow Columbians Kenneth B. Clark (PhD 1940) and Mamie Phipps Clark (PhD 1943). In experiments at Harlem's Northside Center for Child Development, the Clarks had demonstrated that racial bias and segregation was linked to poor self-perception among black children. Kenneth Clark served as an expert witness in Briggs, and the Clarks' work was cited in a footnote to the ultimate Brown<\/i> decision.

Other Columbians involved in the Brown<\/i> case were Constance Baker Motley (Law 1946), who joined Carter and Greenberg in each brief, and Charles L. Black, Jr. (Faculty 1947-56, 1986-99) and Jack B. Weinstein (Law 1948, Faculty 1952-97), who assisted in some of the cases."; answers[12] = "Emanuel Celler (Columbia College 1910, Columbia Law 1912) held his Brooklyn congressional seat for 50 years, from 1923 to 1973. His service spanned nine presidencies, including those of Columbians Franklin D. Roosevelt and Dwight D. Eisenhower."; answers[13] = ""Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds," reads the inscription above the 53-foot-high Corinthian columns of New York's General Post Office on Eighth Avenue. Contrary to popular belief, this is not the official motto of the U.S. Postal Service. It was supplied by the building's architect, William Kendall of McKim, Mead & White, the firm that designed Columbia's Morningside Heights campus. Kendall's contribution to the building's façade draws on a passage from Herodotus describing the expedition of the Greeks against the Persians under Cyrus in about 500 B.C.E. The Persians operated a system of mounted postal couriers, and the sentence conveys the fidelity with which their work was done.

Charles Follen McKim, Columbia's master planner, hired Kendall as his assistant in 1882. Kendall became a partner in McKim's firm in 1906, and designed many of the Columbia campus's buildings erected during the presidency of Nicholas Murray Butler, including Avery Hall the President's House."; answers[14] = "Tang Shaoyi (1860-1938), who attended Columbia in the 1870s, was appointed prime minister of the Republic of China by President Yuan Shikai on March 13, 1912. The new republic had been proclaimed after the revolutionary forces led by Sun Zhongshan ended the Qing dynasty by forcing the abdication of the boy emperor, Pu Yi. Tang served in this position until June 27, 1912."; answers[15] = "Sha Na Na was born in 1969 when members of the Kingsmen, a Columbia a cappella group, started mixing their renditions of early rock-and-roll classics into their traditional repertoire. Soon, their nostalgia act became so popular that the band turned professional, dressing in vintage "greaser" garb. In their seventh live performance, in August 1969, Sha Na Na played the Woodstock Festival.

Still with the band are founding members John "Jocko" Marcellino (Columbia College 1972), "Screamin' Scott" Simon (Columbia College 1972) and Donny York (Columbia College 1971)."; answers[16] = "Images of two Columbians grace United States currency. The profile of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Law 1905–07), the 32nd president of the United States (1933–45) looks left on the back of the dime. A portrait of Founding Father Alexander Hamilton (King's College 1774–76, Trustee 1784–1804), the man who laid the groundwork for the American economic system as the first secretary of the treasury, adorns the front of the ten-dollar note.

Another Columbian once on the money was Dwight D. Eisenhower, University president from 1948 to 1953. The 1971 dollar coin that sported his leftward-facing gaze was discontinued in 1978.

Though not honored by having his image on a coin or a note, Gouverneur Morris (King's College 1768) made an important monetary decision. As assistant to the minister of finance after the Revolutionary War, Morris proposed the decimal system for the national currency, inventing the word cent<\/i> in the process."; answers[17] = "Charles Frederick Chandler (Faculty 1864–1918) is considered to have invented the flush toilet during his tenure as president of the New York Metropolitan Board of Health from 1873 to 1883. An industrial chemist by training, Chandler refused to patent his revolutionary invention, hoping that it would encourage healthier homes for the general public. He also used his position as president of the board to improve quality standards for milk, raise safety standards for water, regulate slaughterhouses and gas companies, and fight for compulsory smallpox vaccinations for children."; answers[18] = "Samuel Bard, one of the founding members of the King's College Medical School in 1767 and its first dean, was George Washington's personal physician. In June 1789, Bard saved Washington's life by surgically removing a malignant tumor from the president's thigh.

Bard's first tenure as dean of the Medical School ended when King's College closed in 1775. The College reopened as Columbia in 1784, and Bard joined the Faculty of Medicine, serving as its dean from 1791 to 1804. When Columbia abolished the Faculty of Medicine in 1813 in the face of competition from its upstart rival, the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Bard became president of P&S. He held that position until his death in 1821."; answers[19] = "Three Columbians have become the nation's chief executive: Theodore Roosevelt (1901–09), Law 1880-82; Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933–45), Law 1905–07; and Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–61), University president from 1948 to 1953."; answers[20] = "Stressing the need for peace in his 1984 commencement address, President Michael I. Sovern told the 7,500 graduates, "War is over—if you want," quoting John Lennon's 1971 song, Happy Xmas (War Is Over)<\/i>. Sovern was prompted to use the former Beatle's lyric in noting the dozens of armed conflicts raging around the world and the spending of more than a half trillion dollars on military forces."; answers[21] = "Originally founded as King's College in 1754 by royal charter of England's King George II, what is now Columbia University suspended instruction in 1776. In 1784, Governor DeWitt Clinton, Mayor James Duane and Assemblyman Alexander Hamilton revived the former Anglican institution by persuading the New York Legislature to create a "state university" that would assume the property of King's College under a new charter and a new name. The name, Columbia College, reflected a desire to appear to be a new world, non-British (that is to say, republican), more public and statewide institution—particularly since most of the College's governors, faculty, and students sided with the crown during the Revolutionary War."; answers[22] = "Rockefeller Center, built between 1931 and 1939, sits on land that Columbia owned until selling it to the Rockefellers in 1985. The 14-acre site, the former home of the Elgin Botanical Garden, had been deeded to Columbia College in 1814 by New York State. Columbia chose not to build a new campus on the land, which became known as the Upper Estate, but rather to lease it out in 216 lots, a strategy that enriched the endowment considerably. When the College did move to the area in 1857, it occupied a four-block site to the southeast that formerly housed the New York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb. The College remained there until moving to Morningside Heights in 1897."; answers[23] = "Wayne Morse (Law 1932), who served four terms as a United States senator from Oregon—his first two as a Republican and last two as a Democrat—was on the losing side of the 88-2 Senate vote on Aug.7, 1964, on what became known as the Tonkin Gulf Resolution. The resolution was passed, at the request of President Lyndon B. Johnson, in response to an attack on the U.S. destroyer Maddox<\/i> in the Gulf of Tonkin five days earlier. It gave the president the authority "to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." In casting his opposing vote, Morse warned that the resolution gave the president "blanket authority to wage war" and was therefore unconstitutional.

The other senator voting against the resolution was Ernest Gruening, a Democrat from Alaska. The same resolution passed the House of Representatives unanimously."; answers[24] = "Columbians founded four major American publishing houses: Harcourt Brace and Company, now Harcourt, Inc. (Clifford Brace, Columbia College 1904 and Alfred Harcourt, Columbia College 1904), Random House (Bennett Cerf, Columbia College 1919, Journalism 1920), Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, now part of Random House, Inc. (Alfred A. Knopf, Columbia College 1912), and Simon and Schuster (Richard L. Simon, Columbia College 1920 and Max Lincoln Schuster, Columbia College 1919).

Another major publisher, Doubleday (now also a part of Random House), was not founded by a Columbian, but later headed by one. Douglas Black (Columbia College 1916, Law 1918) was its president from 1946 to 1963."; answers[25] = "After briefly studying journalism at Columbia in 1917, Howard Dietz became vice president for advertising and public relations for the Goldwyn Pictures Corporation, later MGM, where he adopted the Columbia Lion for the studio's logo. As the University's fight song says, "Roar, Lion, Roar!"<\/i>

The Goldwyn lion's debut roar was delivered by phonograph on July 31, 1928, at the beginning of the silent movie White Shadows of the South Seas<\/i>.

Dietz also wrote lyrics and music into the 1960s for such Broadway shows as Three's a Crowd<\/i>, The Bandwagon<\/i>, and The Gay Life<\/i> with fellow Columbian Arthur Schwartz."; answers[26] = "Columbia's football team scored its biggest victory on Jan. 1, 1934, when it defeated Stanford 7-0 in the Rose Bowl. Led by coach Lou Little and quarterback Cliff Montgomery, the team slogged through the rain, its margin of victory provided by halfback Alex Barabas's 17-yard touchdown run.

In 1999, as part of the commemoration of a century of athletics at Columbia, the Spectator<\/i> named the 1933 football team the greatest team in the University's history."; answers[27] = "The Battle of Harlem Heights occurred on Sept. 16, 1776, the day after British forces routed the Americans and forced them to regroup at Manhattan's northern end. The battle, in which General George Washington narrowly avoided capture, is commemorated with a copper plaque on the exterior wall of Mathematics Hall, on the east side of Broadway at 118th Street."; answers[28] = "Benjamin Nathan Cardozo, who went on to serve as a United States Supreme Court justice and as a trustee of Columbia University, was tutored by Alger, the popular author of more than 100 novels in which young protagonists rise up from poverty and oppression through determined hard work.

Helped by Alger's tutelage, Cardozo entered Columbia College in 1885 at age 15. "; answers[29] = "While an assistant to Maurice Ewing at the new Lamont Geological Observatory in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Marie Tharp (Faculty 1948–83) used the data gathered by sonar readings gathered by Ewing and his team to plot the Earth’s underwater topography. In an era before personal computers, Tharp pieced together the map from thousands of datum using pencils, pens, ink, and rulers. Her detailed mapping of the ocean floor on a global scale, and the conclusions she drew from it, led to the eventual acceptance of the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift in the earth sciences."; answers[30] = "Sociologist Robert King Merton (1910–2003), who joined the Columbia faculty in 1941, served as associate director of the University's Bureau of Applied Social Research and became Special Service Professor after his retirement in 1979, is known as the father of the focus group.  He used the "focused interview" of groups to gauge their responses to films, texts, and radio programs. The model is now widely used by marketers to devise or improve products and services."; answers[31] = "The Beat generation, a group of bohemian, alienated youths who rejected traditional social and artistic forms, got started in the 1940s at Columbia with a chance meeting in 1943 between two freshman floor-mates, Allen Ginsburg (Columbia College 1948) and Lucien Carr (Columbia College 1943–44). Carr introduced Ginsberg to former football scholar Jack Kerouac (Columbia College 1940–42) who, in turn, introduced Ginsberg to William S. Burroughs, John Clellon Holmes, and Herbert Hunke. Ginsburg and Kerouac were students of legendary professors Mark Van Doren and Lionel Trilling.

Coincidentally, Lawrence Ferlinghetti was also a presence at Columbia at this time, though he did not know either Kerouac or Ginsberg. After receiving his master's degree in 1947, Ferlinghetti moved to San Francisco in the early 1950s, founding the City Lights Bookstore and City Lights Publishers. His publication of Ginsberg's poem Howl<\/em> in 1956 led to his arrest on obscenity charges. Ultimately, he was acquitted, but the resulting publicity drew national attention to Ferlinghetti, Ginsberg, and the North Beach literary scene.

The origins of the group's name are obscure. Beat<\/i> was hipster slang for worn down or beaten by society. To Kerouac, a devout Catholic, it meant beatific<\/i>. Holmes defined it as "undramatically being pushed up against the wall of oneself" in a November 1952 New York Times<\/i> magazine article. Whatever the etymology, this small group and their acolytes were dubbed beatniks<\/i> by Herb Caen in his San Francisco Chronicle<\/i> column of April 2, 1958. Contrary to belief, beatnik<\/i> did not derive from nudnik<\/i>, a Yiddish expression for a boring or bothersome person. Rather, Caen was referring to the recently launched Soviet space vehicle Sputnik."; answers[32] = "Three Columbians—Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and James Weldon Johnson—made important contributions to the Harlem Renaissance, the flowering of African-American literature and art in uptown New York during the 1920s and 1930s.

Called the Poet Laureate of Harlem, Hughes spent 1921–22 at the Columbia School of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry before leaving to pursue a writing career. He chronicled black life in an extraordinary body of work: poems, novels, short stories, plays, musicals, operas, translations, radio and television scripts, magazine articles, two autobiographies, and seven anthologies that he edited. Hughes loved jazz; much of his writing was done in Harlem jazz clubs and jazz influences run through his work.

Hurston, who graduated from Barnard College in 1928 and studied anthropology with Franz Boas in 1934–35, wrote eight books, numerous short stories, and magazine articles, and collaborated on the play Mule Bone<\/em> with Hughes. Widely read in the 1930s and 1940s, Hurston died in obscurity in 1960, her eight books long out of print. In the 1970s, the writer Alice Walker revived interest in her work; today she is again widely known.

A poet, author, songwriter, teacher, and civil rights crusader, Johnson settled in New York in 1901 and briefly studied literature at Columbia. Among his best known works are the lyrics for the song "Lift Every Voice and Sing" (later known as the "Negro national anthem"); his collection of "seven Negro sermons in verse," God's Trombones<\/em>; and the first history of African Americans in New York City, Black Manhattan<\/em>. Johnson served as field secretary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People while writing and also encouraging young black authors, among them Hughes. In 1930 he left New York for an appointment as professor of creative writing and American literature at Fisk University."; answers[33] = "Kern and Hammerstein (Columbia College 1916) wrote "Ol' Man River" with Paul Robeson (Law 1923) in mind, according to film scholar Murray Horowitz. The hit song of the 1927 play Show Boat<\/em>, its original lyrics reflect the racist attitudes of the day. Robeson sang the song as written in the 1928 London stage production and the 1936 movie version. For concert performances, he rewrote a few lines to eliminate stereotyping and to create a message of determination."; answers[34] = "Edwin Howard Armstrong (Engineering, 1913, Hon ScD 1929) invented FM radio in 1933, and spent the latter part of his life battling corporate and regulatory efforts against the new technology. An established inventor, Armstrong designed wide-band FM radio as an alternative to the industry-standard AM radio, which was plagued by static as a result of interference from electrical machinery and weather. In 1935, he proved the efficacy of FM at a conference of radio engineers. But his application for an experimental FM license was rejected by the FCC, as a result of lobbying efforts by the broadcast industry. In 1937, he erected a 425-foot broadcast tower in Alpine, New Jersey, and in 1939, after threatening to take his experiments overseas, he obtained a license and his experimental FM radio station began broadcasting. This tower remains in operation today, and was used by major networks after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks destroyed transmitters at the World Trade Center."; answers[35] = "Five.

Most are familiar with the story of Yankee great Lou Gehrig, who played baseball at Columbia from 1921 to 1923. Gehrig established numerous records, including 23 grand slams, which still stands today, and his 2,130 consecutive games played streak, a record that stood for more than 50 years and earned him the nickname the Iron Horse.

More astute Columbia trivia buffs would know that second baseman Eddie Collins (Columbia College 1907), part of the famous Philadelphia Athletics "$100,000 infield" also represents the Lions in the Hall of Fame. Collins had more than 3,000 hits in 25 seasons—a record among twentieth century position players according to the Baseball Hall of Fame. When Collins played his first games with the Athletics, he used the surname Sullivan to maintain his eligibility for Columbia’s football team, of which he was the quarterback.

True masters would note that John Montgomery Ward, one of the most colorful and influential players of the nineteenth century, graduated from Columbia with a Bachelor of Laws (1885) and a Bachelor of Philosophy (1886), while playing for the New York Giants. Ward won more than 150 games as a pitcher, including the second perfect game in baseball history. After injuring his arm, he became an infielder, and as such he recorded more than 2,000 hits. Ward was also an early labor organizer in baseball.

In addition, sportswriter Leonard Koppett (Columbia College 1944) is also in the Hall of Fame, and Dodgers lefty ace Sandy Koufax attended Columbia’s School of General Studies after his retirement from baseball."; answers[36] = "Probably no one person, according to Daniel Chester French scholar Michael Richman. Local lore, however, has sometimes accorded the honor to Harriette Goelet, who made a gift of the statue to Columbia University in memory of her husband, Robert Goelet (Columbia College 1860). The statue's form took its inspiration from Columbia's seal, designed by its first president, Samuel Johnson."; var numquestions=questions.length; var numanswers=answers.length; var randNum = Math.floor(Math.random() * numquestions);